Anatomy of the left atrioventricular valveapparatus in landrace pigs

The aim of this study was to describe the structures and variations of the left atrioventricular valve apparatus in pigs’ hearts. The valve apparatus elements were investigated using morphometric criteria such as the implantation base width, maximum cuspid depth and fibrous ring circumference, and using morphological criteria such as the numbers and sites of the cuspids, tendon cords and papillary muscles. We concluded that morphometric criteria such as the implantation base width and greater cuspid depth could be used to characterize the cuspids of the left atrioventricular valve apparatus; and that morphological criteria such as the number of papillary muscles, fibrous ring circumference and number of tendon cords were generally not associated with the variations in the number of cuspids. We can state that the number of cuspids in the left atrioventricular valve in pigs is variable and that commissural cuspids are frequently present.

Neurovascular pedicles of the tibialis anterior muscle in children / Pedículos neurovasculares del músculo tibial anterior en niños

The importance of the tibialis anterior muscle in infantile orthopedic transposition surgeries, as in myelomemngoceles, it bases this research about the neurovascular pedicles of the tibialis anterior muscle. The study was conducted on 34 legs of human cadavers that were one year old or younger at the time of death. It was observed that the tibialis anterior muscle most frequently presented from 7 to 10 arterial branches (52.4 percent). In 97.1 percent of cases these branches were derived from the anterior tibial artery. In one case the anterior tibial artery was missing and the muscle was supplied by the fibular artery. Thirty-nine and seven tenths percent of arterial branches entered the superior third of the muscle; the middle third received 40.1 percent of the branches and the inferior third received 20.2 percent of the branches. The deep fibular nerve exclusively supplied the innervation, which in91.2 percent of cases, gave off from 2 to 4 branches to the muscle, mainly to the superior (46.2 percent) and middle third (43.0 percent). Most frequently, there were two neurovascular pedicles supplying the superior third and one supplying the middle third.

La importancia del músculo tibial anterior en cirugías de transposición ortopédica en niños, así como en casos de mielomeningocele, fundamenta su estudio respecto a sus pedículos neurovasculares. El estudio se realizó en 34 miembros inferiores de cadáveres de niños de un año o menos de edad. Se observó que el músculo tibial anterior presentaba con frecuencia 7 a 10 ramas arteriales (52,4 por ciento). En 97,1 por ciento de los casos estos ramos eran derivados de la arteria tibial anterior. En dos casos, la arteria tibial anterior estaba ausente y el músculo suplió su irrigación con la arteria fibular. En relación a la entrada de las ramas, 39,7 por ciento lo hacen en el tercio superior del músculo. El tercio medio recibe 40,1 por ciento de las ramas y el tercio inferior recibe 20,2 por ciento de ellas. El nervio fibular profundo es la fuente principal de inervación, en 91,2 por ciento de los casos provee 2 a 4 ramos para el músculo, de ellos el 46,2 por ciento termina en el tercio superior y el 43 por ciento en el tercio medio. Con mayor frecuencia, existen dos pedículos neurovasculares supliendo el tercio superior y uno supliendo el tercio medio del músculo tibial anterior.